Ryeland Family Tree
The Genealogy of the Ryeland and connected Families
Alexander MONTEATH
1798 - 1880 (82 years)( = Descendancy chart to this point, = Expand, = Collapse)
- 1 Alexander MONTEATH [1] b. 12 May 1798 d. 23 Jul 1880
- Ellin RUNCORN b. 8 Jun 1802 d. 1860
- 2 Mary MONTEATH [1.1] b. 31 Aug 1830 d. Yes, date unknown
- 2 John MONTEATH [1.2] b. 1831
- 2 Barbara Mclaurin MONTEATH [1.3] b. 16 Dec 1832 d. Yes, date unknown
- William Hamilton BELL b. 27 Feb 1817 d. 1890
- 3 William Frederick BELL [1.3.1] b. 3 Mar 1863 d. 4 Dec 1929
- Valerie MORANT d. 24 Apr 1955
- 4 Ivan Monteath BELL [1.3.1.1] b. 1 Jan 1906 d. Yes, date unknown
- Susan Darling NEILL d. Yes, date unknown
- 5 Frances Barbara Monteath BELL [1.3.1.1.1]
- Susan Darling NEILL d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Valerie Hamilton BELL [1.3.1.2] d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Ivan Monteath BELL [1.3.1.1] b. 1 Jan 1906 d. Yes, date unknown
- Valerie MORANT d. 24 Apr 1955
- 3 Ellin Runcorn BELL [1.3.2] b. 4 Nov 1864 d. Yes, date unknown
- Rev. John KELMAN d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Barbara KELMAN [1.3.2.1]
- John HAYES
- 5 Margaret HAYES [1.3.2.1.1]
- 5 Eleanor HAYES [1.3.2.1.2]
- 5 Janet HAYES [1.3.2.1.3]
- 5 Barbara HAYES [1.3.2.1.4]
- 5 John HAYES [1.3.2.1.5]
- John HAYES
- 4 Daisy KELMAN [1.3.2.2]
- 4 Barbara KELMAN [1.3.2.1]
- Rev. John KELMAN d. Yes, date unknown
- 3 William Frederick BELL [1.3.1] b. 3 Mar 1863 d. 4 Dec 1929
- William Hamilton BELL b. 27 Feb 1817 d. 1890
- 2 Alexander Mclaurin MONTEATH [1.4] b. 13 May 1834 d. 23 Apr 1893
- Teresa Amelia THOMPSON b. 12 Sep 1838 d. 4 Sep 1909
- 3 Alexander Mclaurin MONTEATH [1.4.1] b. 4 Jul 1859 d. 16 Aug 1933
- Florence Isabel INGHAM d. 1927
- 4 Stuart MONTEATH [1.4.1.1] b. 1888 d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Teresa MONTEATH [1.4.1.2] b. 1891 d. Yes, date unknown
- John COWPER d. Yes, date unknown
- 5 James COWPER [1.4.1.2.1]
- 5 McAlister COWPER [1.4.1.2.2]
- 5 Ruthven COWPER [1.4.1.2.3]
- 5 Mary COWPER [1.4.1.2.4]
- 5 Frances COWPER [1.4.1.2.5]
- John COWPER d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Jean MONTEATH [1.4.1.3] b. 1893 d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Mary Mclaurin MONTEATH [1.4.1.4] b. 1895 d. Yes, date unknown
- Francis Henry COLEMAN b. 1890 d. Yes, date unknown
- 5 2nd Lieut. Francis COLEMAN [1.4.1.4.1] b. 1920 d. 2 Jun 1942
- 5 Bernard COLEMAN [1.4.1.4.2]
- Francis Henry COLEMAN b. 1890 d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Alexander Stuart MONTEATH [1.4.1.5] b. 1898 d. Yes, date unknown
- Florence Isabel INGHAM d. 1927
- 3 Stewart MONTEATH [1.4.2] b. 16 Dec 1860 d. 1865
- 3 Archibald Barnes MONTEATH [1.4.3] b. 4 May 1862 d. 27 May 1865
- 3 Sir Ruthven Gray Mclaurin MONTEATH [1.4.4] b. 24 Aug 1864 d. 23 Apr 1949
- Lady Mabel Minnie JONES b. 29 May 1880 d. 25 Jan 1979
- 4 Ruthven Barry MONTEATH [1.4.4.1] b. 19 Sep 1915 d. Jun 2004
- Inge Maria BORGEN b. 24 Mar 1924 d. 1 Jun 1999
- 5 Jennifer Mary MONTEATH [1.4.4.1.1]
- 5 Andrew Maclaurin MONTEATH [1.4.4.1.2]
- Inge Maria BORGEN b. 24 Mar 1924 d. 1 Jun 1999
- 4 Adrian Lawrence MONTEATH [1.4.4.2] b. 11 Jun 1918 d. 30 Oct 1968
- 4 Charles Gourlay MONTEATH [1.4.4.3]
- Rosemarie BEAGAN
- Kathleen Emily WEATHERSTONE
- 5 David Edward MONTEATH [1.4.4.3.2]
- 5 Patricia Anne MONTEATH [1.4.4.3.3]
- Rosemarie BEAGAN
- 4 Ruthven Barry MONTEATH [1.4.4.1] b. 19 Sep 1915 d. Jun 2004
- Lady Mabel Minnie JONES b. 29 May 1880 d. 25 Jan 1979
- 3 Kenneth Mclean MONTEATH [1.4.5] b. 2 Jan 1867
- 3 Ellin Runcorn MONTEATH [1.4.6] b. 8 May 1868 d. 1953
- Dr. Richard Ashmore MITCHELL b. 1860 d. 1926
- 4 Henry MITCHELL [1.4.6.1] b. 1890 d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Alexander MITCHELL [1.4.6.2] b. 1891 d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Mary MITCHELL [1.4.6.3] b. 1892 d. Yes, date unknown
- Rev. Rex PURDOM b. 1890 d. Yes, date unknown
- 5 Kenneth PURDOM [1.4.6.3.1]
- 5 Sibyl PURDOM [1.4.6.3.2]
- 5 Ian PURDOM [1.4.6.3.3]
- 5 Fiona PURDOM [1.4.6.3.4]
- Rev. Rex PURDOM b. 1890 d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Rhoda MITCHELL [1.4.6.4] b. 1894 d. Yes, date unknown
- Fielden RAMSDEN d. Yes, date unknown
- 5 Marjorie RAMSDEN [1.4.6.4.1]
- 5 Geoffrey RAMSDEN [1.4.6.4.2]
- Fielden RAMSDEN d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Kenneth MITCHELL [1.4.6.5] b. 1895 d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 George MITCHELL [1.4.6.6] b. 1897 d. 1983
- Ann PERCIVAL b. 1898 d. 1983
- 5 Elaine MITCHELL [1.4.6.6.1]
- Ann PERCIVAL b. 1898 d. 1983
- 4 Evelyn MITCHELL [1.4.6.7] b. 1900 d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Ellen MITCHELL [1.4.6.8] b. 1903 d. Yes, date unknown
- Dr. Richard Ashmore MITCHELL b. 1860 d. 1926
- 3 Lawrence Mckenzie MONTEATH [1.4.7] b. 13 Sep 1869 d. Yes, date unknown
- Emma Christina RAIKES b. 1864 d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Evelyn MONTEATH [1.4.7.1]
- Norman STEWART-BROWNE
- 5 Christine STEWART-BROWNE [1.4.7.1.1]
- 5 Barry STEWART-BROWNE [1.4.7.1.2]
- Norman STEWART-BROWNE
- 4 Ruthven MONTEATH [1.4.7.2]
- 4 Kirsteen (Kristine) MONTEATH [1.4.7.3]
- 4 Teresa MONTEATH [1.4.7.4]
- Harold Newsham BAYLY
- 5 Resli BAYLY [1.4.7.4.1]
- 5 Alan BAYLY [1.4.7.4.2]
- 5 Jill BAYLY [1.4.7.4.3]
- 5 John BAYLY [1.4.7.4.4]
- 5 Michael BAYLY [1.4.7.4.5]
- Harold Newsham BAYLY
- 4 Evelyn MONTEATH [1.4.7.1]
- Emma Christina RAIKES b. 1864 d. Yes, date unknown
- 3 Grace Rivers MONTEATH [1.4.8] b. 14 Mar 1871 d. Yes, date unknown
- Dr. Ernest Edmund MADDOX b. 1855 d. 4 Nov 1933
- 4 John MADDOX [1.4.8.1] d. 5 Nov 1960
- 4 Alexander Monteath MADDOX [1.4.8.2] b. 1895 d. 1980
- Margot Florence Jane PEARSON b. 1907 d. 1988
- 5 Ruthven MADDOX [1.4.8.2.1]
- 5 Thelma MADDOX [1.4.8.2.2]
- Margot Florence Jane PEARSON b. 1907 d. 1988
- 4 Mary MADDOX [1.4.8.3] b. 1896 d. 1972
- Dr. Arthur LOWNDES-YATES b. 1881 d. 1968
- 5 John LOWNDES-YATES [1.4.8.3.1]
- 5 Elizabeth LOWNDES-YATES [1.4.8.3.2] d. 7 Nov 2010
- Dr. Arthur LOWNDES-YATES b. 1881 d. 1968
- 4 Ernest Reynolds MADDOX [1.4.8.4] b. 1898 d. 10 May 1939
- 4 Frances Elizabeth Ceuta MADDOX [1.4.8.5] b. 1900 d. Yes, date unknown
- Hubert NORDEN d. 1958
- 5 Jean NORDEN [1.4.8.5.1]
- 5 Elizabeth NORDEN [1.4.8.5.2]
- Hubert NORDEN d. 1958
- 4 Edmond MADDOX [1.4.8.6] b. 6 Dec 1901 d. 1983
- Amy MCLAREN b. 3 Nov 1904 d. Yes, date unknown
- 5 Colin Mclaren MADDOX [1.4.8.6.1] b. 11 Mar 1934 d. 5 Jan 2001
- 5 Rev. Hugh Inglis MADDOX [1.4.8.6.2]
- 5 Alison MADDOX [1.4.8.6.3]
- Amy MCLAREN b. 3 Nov 1904 d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 David Ruthven MADDOX [1.4.8.7] b. 1903 d. 1970
- 4 Dennis MADDOX [1.4.8.8] b. Jan 1905 d. 1998
- + Jill GILLESPIE d. 1998
- Anne GILLESPIE
- 5 Judith MADDOX [1.4.8.8.1]
- + Jill GILLESPIE d. 1998
- 4 Teresa MADDOX [1.4.8.9] b. 1906 d. 10 Jan 1966
- 4 Grace MADDOX [1.4.8.10] b. 1908 d. 1987
- Alfred BEALE b. 1900 d. 1980
- 5 Jeremy BEALE [1.4.8.10.1] d. 1998
- 5 Alex BEALE [1.4.8.10.2]
- Alfred BEALE b. 1900 d. 1980
- 4 Ruth MADDOX [1.4.8.11] b. 1910 d. 28 Apr 2003
- Clayton FLINT d. Yes, date unknown
- 5 Andrew FLINT [1.4.8.11.1]
- + Mary
- + Mary
- 5 Roger FLINT [1.4.8.11.2]
- + Fiona
- + Fiona
- 5 Andrew FLINT [1.4.8.11.1]
- Clayton FLINT d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Charles Benjamin MADDOX [1.4.8.12] b. 18 Aug 1912 d. 4 Jan 1998
- Lettice WRIGHT b. 2 Jul 1915 d. 3 Mar 1999
- 5 Simon MADDOX [1.4.8.12.1]
- 5 John MADDOX [1.4.8.12.2]
- Lettice WRIGHT b. 2 Jul 1915 d. 3 Mar 1999
- 4 Jean Christian Mclaurin MADDOX [1.4.8.13] b. Dec 1914 d. 2002
- Dr. Charles MOODY d. 1988
- 5 Dr. Peter MOODY [1.4.8.13.1]
- + Rene
- + Rene
- 5 Margaret Jean MOODY [1.4.8.13.2]
- 5 Dr. Peter MOODY [1.4.8.13.1]
- Dr. Charles MOODY d. 1988
- Dr. Ernest Edmund MADDOX b. 1855 d. 4 Nov 1933
- 3 Teresa Mclaurin MONTEATH [1.4.9] b. 18 Feb 1874 d. Jan 1960
- Dr. John BURDON-COOPER b. 1878 d. 1968
- 4 Alexander Mclaurin Monteath BURDON-COOPER [1.4.9.1] d. Yes, date unknown
- Christian Anna Lily CAMPBELL-COLQUHOUN b. 1908 d. Yes, date unknown
- 5 Archibald BURDON-COOPER [1.4.9.1.1]
- 5 Kirstine BURDON-COOPER [1.4.9.1.2]
- Christian Anna Lily CAMPBELL-COLQUHOUN b. 1908 d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Ruthven Hayne BURDON-COOPER [1.4.9.2] b. Abt 1906 d. Yes, date unknown
- Kathleen Anna Beverley FARQUHARSON d. Yes, date unknown
- 5 Penelope BURDON-COOPER [1.4.9.2.1]
- 5 Alan BURDON-COOPER [1.4.9.2.2]
- + Virginia
- + Virginia
- 5 Sarah BURDON-COOPER [1.4.9.2.3]
- Kathleen Anna Beverley FARQUHARSON d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 James BURDON-COOPER [1.4.9.3] b. Abt 1906 d. Yes, date unknown
- Phyllis d. Yes, date unknown
- 5 Teresa BURDON-COOPER [1.4.9.3.1]
- 5 Christian BURDON-COOPER [1.4.9.3.2]
- Phyllis d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Teresa Mary Isabel BURDON-COOPER [1.4.9.4] b. 15 Aug 1911 d. Yes, date unknown
- George Nelson TAYLOR b. 11 Sep 1908 d. Yes, date unknown
- 5 Margaret TAYLOR [1.4.9.4.1] d. Yes, date unknown
- 5 Catherine TAYLOR [1.4.9.4.2] d. Yes, date unknown
- 5 Prudence Mary TAYLOR [1.4.9.4.3] b. 18 Jan 1946 d. Yes, date unknown
- John Lumby BISHOP b. 6 Mar 1946 d. Yes, date unknown
- 6 Rebecca Mary BISHOP [1.4.9.4.3.1]
- Euan Cameron RAMSAY
- 7 Isla Mary RAMSAY [1.4.9.4.3.1.1]
- Euan Cameron RAMSAY
- 6 Oliver John Burdon BISHOP [1.4.9.4.3.2] b. 4 Jun 1975 d. Yes, date unknown
- + Adriana d. Yes, date unknown
- + Adriana d. Yes, date unknown
- 6 Rebecca Mary BISHOP [1.4.9.4.3.1]
- John Lumby BISHOP b. 6 Mar 1946 d. Yes, date unknown
- George Nelson TAYLOR b. 11 Sep 1908 d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Frances Rose BURDON-COOPER [1.4.9.5] b. 15 Jan 1914 d. 1996
- Dr. Bernard Clive NICHOLSON b. Apr 1904 d. Abt 1993
- 5 Teresa Frances NICHOLSON [1.4.9.5.1]
- John FUNNELL
- 6 Ian FUNNELL [1.4.9.5.1.1]
- 6 Clare FUNNELL [1.4.9.5.1.2]
- John FUNNELL
- 5 Anne Lesley NICHOLSON [1.4.9.5.2] b. 10 Jun 1940 d. 26 Mar 1973
- Michael john STOCK b. 17 Dec 1942 d. 26 Mar 2001
- 6 Isobel Frances STOCK [1.4.9.5.2.1]
- + MOORE
- + MOORE
- 6 Isobel Frances STOCK [1.4.9.5.2.1]
- Michael john STOCK b. 17 Dec 1942 d. 26 Mar 2001
- 5 Christine Mary NICHOLSON [1.4.9.5.3]
- Iain Gordon Leeds WARD-CAMPBELL
- 6 Robert WARD-CAMPBELL [1.4.9.5.3.1]
- 6 James WARD-CAMPBELL [1.4.9.5.3.2]
- 6 David WARD-CAMPBELL [1.4.9.5.3.3]
- 6 Mary WARD-CAMPBELL [1.4.9.5.3.4]
- 6 Andrew WARD-CAMPBELL [1.4.9.5.3.5]
- 6 John WARD-CAMPBELL [1.4.9.5.3.6]
- Iain Gordon Leeds WARD-CAMPBELL
- 5 Alexander Clive Monteath NICHOLSON [1.4.9.5.4]
- Alison HOLBURN
- 6 William Gregall James NICHOLSON [1.4.9.5.4.1]
- Rachel MALOY
- 7 Isla Jane Alice NICHOLSON [1.4.9.5.4.1.1]
- Rachel MALOY
- 6 Alexander Eric John NICHOLSON [1.4.9.5.4.2]
- 6 Calum Thomas Monteath NICHOLSON [1.4.9.5.4.3]
- 6 William Gregall James NICHOLSON [1.4.9.5.4.1]
- Alison HOLBURN
- 5 John Bernard NICHOLSON [1.4.9.5.5]
- Heather O'BRIEN
- 6 Henry Ruthven NICHOLSON [1.4.9.5.5.1]
- Heather O'BRIEN
- 5 Teresa Frances NICHOLSON [1.4.9.5.1]
- Dr. Bernard Clive NICHOLSON b. Apr 1904 d. Abt 1993
- 4 Alexander Mclaurin Monteath BURDON-COOPER [1.4.9.1] d. Yes, date unknown
- Dr. John BURDON-COOPER b. 1878 d. 1968
- 3 Mary Christine MONTEATH [1.4.10] b. 19 Oct 1875 d. May 1894
- 3 Clement Mclaurin MONTEATH [1.4.11] b. 10 Jul 1877 d. 7 Feb 1878
- 3 Rhoda Annie Mclaurin MONTEATH [1.4.12] b. 10 Mar 1879
- 3 Alexander Mclaurin MONTEATH [1.4.1] b. 4 Jul 1859 d. 16 Aug 1933
- Teresa Amelia THOMPSON b. 12 Sep 1838 d. 4 Sep 1909
- 2 Rev. Robert Runcorn MONTEATH [1.5] b. 23 Nov 1835 d. 21 Nov 1920
- Annie Mackenzie FAULKNER b. 1844 d. Yes, date unknown
- 3 Ellen R MONTEATH [1.5.1] b. 1877 d. Yes, date unknown
- 3 Inglis R. MONTEATH [1.5.2] b. 1881 d. Yes, date unknown
- 3 Robin MONTEATH [1.5.3] d. Yes, date unknown
- 3 Agnes MONTEATH [1.5.4] d. Yes, date unknown
- 3 John MONTEATH [1.5.5] d. Yes, date unknown
- Annie Mackenzie FAULKNER b. 1844 d. Yes, date unknown
- 2 Grace Campbell MONTEATH [1.6] b. 4 Dec 1838
- 2 Ellen MONTEATH [1.7] b. 5 Aug 1840 d. 29 Sep 1921
- Fendall THOMPSON b. 9 Jun 1826 d. 26 Jan 1892
- 3 Ada Fendall THOMPSON [1.7.1] b. 26 Oct 1861 d. 1949
- + Rev. Philip George Augustine VERINI b. 1861 d. 29 Nov 1898
- + Rev. Philip George Augustine VERINI b. 1861 d. 29 Nov 1898
- 3 Ellin Monteath VERINI [1.7.2] b. 24 Feb 1863 d. 29 Aug 1863
- 3 Lt. Col. Cyril Powney THOMPSON [1.7.3] b. 21 Aug 1864 d. 27 Oct 1924
- Mary Alice Helen CLIFFORD b. 19 May 1866 d. 27 Dec 1955
- 4 Gwendoline Ellin Powney THOMPSON [1.7.3.1] b. 21 Apr 1894 d. 24 Oct 1978
- + Lt. Col. Geoffrey Sydney BREWIS b. 1891 d. 14 Aug 1977
- + Lt. Col. Geoffrey Sydney BREWIS b. 1891 d. 14 Aug 1977
- 4 Fendall Powney THOMPSON [1.7.3.2] b. 28 Sep 1896 d. 1 Jul 1916
- 4 May Theodora Powney THOMPSON [1.7.3.3] b. 25 Oct 1899 d. 11 Mar 1959
- + Lt. Cdr. Charles John SKRINE d. Yes, date unknown
- + Lt. Cdr. Charles John SKRINE d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Elanor Powney THOMPSON [1.7.3.4] b. 15 Aug 1903 d. 11 Dec 1903
- 4 Gwendoline Ellin Powney THOMPSON [1.7.3.1] b. 21 Apr 1894 d. 24 Oct 1978
- Mary Alice Helen CLIFFORD b. 19 May 1866 d. 27 Dec 1955
- 3 Clarice Louisa THOMPSON [1.7.4] b. 17 Nov 1865 d. 15 Mar 1866
- 3 Ethel Mary THOMPSON [1.7.5] b. 10 Jul 1867 d. 1933
- 3 Amy Helen THOMPSON [1.7.6] b. 4 Sep 1868 d. 26 Aug 1952
- 3 Leonard Fendall THOMPSON [1.7.7] b. 10 Apr 1872 d. Aug 1944
- + Alice Elizabeth STILWELL b. 17 Oct 1883 d. 20 Aug 1953
- + Alice Elizabeth STILWELL b. 17 Oct 1883 d. 20 Aug 1953
- 3 Rev. Gerald Monteath THOMPSON [1.7.8] b. 11 Aug 1875 d. 4 Dec 1942
- Rhoda Edith COLLINS b. 29 Apr 1875 d. 15 Sep 1949
- 4 Edith Dorothea Bright THOMPSON [1.7.8.1] b. 27 Jan 1901 d. 26 Dec 1961
- + Capt. Frederick Nichols WILSON b. 4 Mar 1903 d. 7 Oct 1981
- + Capt. Frederick Nichols WILSON b. 4 Mar 1903 d. 7 Oct 1981
- 4 Lt. Cdr. Hugh Nesbitt THOMPSON [1.7.8.2] b. 17 Jun 1904 d. 6 Dec 1990
- + Ginever Maud HILL b. 28 Jul 1910 d. 5 Jan 1994
- + Ginever Maud HILL b. 28 Jul 1910 d. 5 Jan 1994
- 4 James Penton THOMPSON [1.7.8.3] b. 29 May 1907 d. 1990
- + May LESLIE d. Yes, date unknown
- + May LESLIE d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Rivers Fendall THOMPSON [1.7.8.4] b. 4 Jun 1911 d. Nov 1982
- Elizabeth Mary ANDERSON b. 24 Mar 1914 d. 27 Apr 1981
- 5 Helen Margaret THOMPSON [1.7.8.4.1]
- + Michael Edwin EVERETT b. 20 Feb 1936 d. 4 Apr 1984
- + Michael Edwin EVERETT b. 20 Feb 1936 d. 4 Apr 1984
- 5 Helen Margaret THOMPSON [1.7.8.4.1]
- Elizabeth Mary ANDERSON b. 24 Mar 1914 d. 27 Apr 1981
- 4 Prof. Leonard Monteath THOMPSON [1.7.8.5] b. 6 Mar 1916 d. 17 Jun 2004
- Evelyne Betty WHITE d. Yes, date unknown
- 5 Caroline Fendall THOMPSON [1.7.8.5.1]
- + Kevin CROSSLEY-HOLLAND
- + Owen HICKEY b. 1923 d. 11 Dec 2000
- + Kevin CROSSLEY-HOLLAND
- 5 Caroline Fendall THOMPSON [1.7.8.5.1]
- Evelyne Betty WHITE d. Yes, date unknown
- 4 Edith Dorothea Bright THOMPSON [1.7.8.1] b. 27 Jan 1901 d. 26 Dec 1961
- Rhoda Edith COLLINS b. 29 Apr 1875 d. 15 Sep 1949
- 3 Ada Fendall THOMPSON [1.7.1] b. 26 Oct 1861 d. 1949
- Fendall THOMPSON b. 9 Jun 1826 d. 26 Jan 1892
- 2 Frederick Drummond MONTEATH [1.8] b. 28 Feb 1843 d. 29 Sep 1921
- 2 Christian MONTEATH [1.9] b. 10 Nov 1844 d. Yes, date unknown
- Ellin RUNCORN b. 8 Jun 1802 d. 1860